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Bachelor	TR-NQF-HE: Level 6	QF-EHEA: First Cycle	EQF-LLL: Level 6

Course General Introduction Information

Course Code:

DIS211

Course Name:

Physiology

Course Semester:

Fall

Course Credits:

ECTS

Language of instruction:

Course Requirement:

Does the Course Require Work Experience?:

Type of course:

Necessary

Course Level:

Bachelor

TR-NQF-HE:6. Master`s Degree

QF-EHEA:First Cycle

EQF-LLL:6. Master`s Degree

Mode of Delivery:

Face to face

Course Coordinator :

Dr.Öğr.Üyesi GÜL BÜŞRA KAYA

Course Lecturer(s):

Ass. Prof. Dr. Gül Büşra KAYA

Course Assistants:

Course Purpose and Content

Course Objectives:

The aim of lesson; to learn the working mechanisms of cells, tissues, organs and all systems in Human Physiology and to inform about the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and diseases of physiological systems. In addition, it is to provide information about current research.

Course Content:

BASIC PHYSIOLOGY

1) Introduction to Human Physiology and Homeostasis
a) Introduction to Human Physiology and the Concept of Homeostasis
b) Internal and External Environment of the Body, Types of Regulatory Systems
c) Functions of Homeostatic Mechanisms in Body Systems

2) Cell and Its Functional Organization
a) General Cell Structure and Divisions
b) Structure, Organelles and Functions of the Cytoplasm
c) The Cytoskeleton and Its General Structure

3) Cell Membrane and Substance Transport from the Membrane

a) Basic Structure of Cell Membrane
b) Body Fluid Parts
c) Substance Transport in Cell Membrane and Cell Transport Routes

4) Excitable Cell: Resting Membrane potential and Action Potential

a) Resting Membrane Potential
b) Intracellular and Extracellular Ion Distribution
c) Sodium and Potassium Equilibrium Potential
d) Action Potential and Threshold Value
e) Conduction in Myelinated and Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers
f) Factors Affecting Action Potential Formation
5) Intercellular Communication

a) Types of Cellular Communication
b) Autocrine and Paracrine Communication
c) Chemical Molecules and Receptors Involved in Cellular Communication
d) Second Messenger Systems

6) Neuromuscular Junction

a) Structure of Neuromuscular Junction
b) Synthesis and Degradation of Acetylcholine
c) Exocytosis of Acetylcholine to the Synaptic Cleft
d) Exocytosis of Acetylcholine to The Synaptic Cleft

MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

1) Skeletal Muscle
a) General Structure of Skeletal Muscle and Sarcomere
b) Contraction Mechanism in Skeletal Muscle
c) Relaxation Mechanism in Skeletal Muscle
d) Energy Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Types of Muscle Fibers

2) Smooth Muscle

a) General Structure of Smooth Muscle
b) The Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Contraction and the Role of Calcium in Smooth Muscle Contraction
c) Relaxation Mechanism in Smooth Muscle
d) Energy Metabolism of Smooth Muscle

3) Cardiac Muscle
a) Physiological Characteristics of the Cardiac Muscle
b) General Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle and Differences from Skeletal Muscle
c) Physiological Properties of Cardiac Muscle Cells
d) Cardiac Muscle’s Stimulus and Conduction System
e) Action Potential in Cardiac Muscle Cells
f) Energy Metabolism of Cardiac Muscle

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

1) Cardiac Muscle; Functions of the Heart and Heart Valves as a Pump
a) Neural and Hormonal Control of the Cardiac Muscle
b) Cardiac Cycle
c) Regulation of the Pumping Function of the Heart

2) Rhythmic Stimulation of the Heart
a) Specialized Alert and Message System of the Heart
b) Cardiac Excitation and Control of Conduction

3) Normal Electrocardiogram (ECG)
a) Normal ECG Waves
b) Ion Current Around the Heart During the Heart Cycle
c) Electrocardiographic Leads

4) Heart Valves and Heart Sounds
a) Heart Sounds
b) Mechanisms of Heart Sound Formation

BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY

1) Blood Cells and Immunity
a) Red Blood Cells, Anemia and Polycythemia
b) Types of Anemia

2) Body's Resistance to Infection: Leukocytes, Granulocytes, Monocyte-Macrophage System and Inflammation
a) Leukocytes (White blood cells)
b) Defense System of Macrophages and Neutrophils Against Infections
c) Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)
d) Inflammation (Role of Macrophages and Neutrophils)
e) Eosinophils
f) Basophils

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

1) Lung Ventilation
a) Mechanics of Lung Ventilation
b) Lung Volumes and Capacities
c) Alveolar Ventilation

2) Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema and Pleural Fluid
a) Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System
b) Pressures in the Pulmonary System
c) Blood Volume of the Lungs
d) Blood Flow and Distribution in the Lungs
e) Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Differences in Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow
f) Fluid in the Pleural Cavity

3) Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Diffusion in the Respiratory Membrane
a) Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air
b) Diffusion of Gases in the Respiratory Membrane

4) Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids
a) Transport of Oxygen from Lungs to Body Fluids
b) Carriage of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
c) Respiratory Exchange Rate

5) Regulation of Breathing
a) Respiratory Center
b) Chemical Control of Respiration
c) Peripheral Chemoreceptor System-Role of Oxygen in Control of Respiration
d) Regulation of Breathing in Exercise

RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

1) Renal System: Functional Anatomy and Formation of Urine by the Kidneys
a) Multiple Functions of Kidneys
b) Physiological Anatomy of the Kidneys
c) Micturition (voiding)
d) Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion

2) Glomerular Filtration, Kidney Blood Flow and Control
a) Glomerular Filtration-First Step in Urine Formation
b) Determinants of Glomerular Filtration Rate
c) Physiological Control of Kidney Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
d) Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate

3) Reabsorption and Secretion in the Kidney Tubules
a) Tubular resorption is excessive and highly selective
b) Passive and Active Mechanisms of Tubular Reabsorption
c) Reabsorption and Secretion Through Different Parts of the Nephron
d) Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption

4) Concentration and Dilution of Urine
a) Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism
b) Characteristics of Henle's Coil, Which Provides Retention of Dissolved Substances in the Kidney Medulla
c) Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
d) Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System
e) The Importance of Thirst in the Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration

5) Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate and Magnesium; Kidney Mechanisms Working Together in Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
a) Removal of Potassium and Regulation of Potassium Concentration in Extracellular Fluid
b) Regulation of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration
c) Regulation of Renal Magnesium and Phosphate Excretion and Extracellular Ion Concentrations
d) Acid-Base Balance

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

1) General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function
a) Neural Control of the Gastrotestinal System, Enteric Nervous System
b) Control of Gastrointestinal Motility by Hormones
c) Functional Types of Movements in the Gastrointestinal Canal

2) Progression and Mixing of Foods in the Digestive Canal
a) Nutrient Intake
b) Motor Functions of the Stomach
c) Small Intestine Movements
d) Colon Movements

3) Secretory Functions of the Digestive Canal
a) General Principles of Digestive Canal Secretions
b) Saliva Secretion
c) Secretion of the Stomach
d) Pancreatic Secretion and Bile Secretion from the Liver
e) Small Intestine Secretions

NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

1) Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses
a) General Order of the Nervous System
b) Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function

2) Sensory Receptors
a) Types of Sensory Receptors and their Sensitivity Stimuli
b) Conversion of Sensory Stimuli to Nerve Impulses

3) Somatic Senses
a) Sensory Pathways Transmitting Somatic Signals to the Central Nervous System
b) General Organization, Tactile and Position Senses

SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY

1) The Eye: The Physical Principles of Optics
a) Physical Principles of Optics
b) Optics of the Eye

2) Neural Function of the Receptor and the Retina
a) Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina
b) Photochemistry of Sight
c) Color Vision
d) Neural Function of the Retina
e) Ways of Seeing

3) Hearing
a) Tympanic Membrane and Ossicular System
b) Cochlea
c) Central Hearing Mechanisms

4) Chemical Senses-Taste and Smell
a) Sense of Taste
b) Sense of Smell

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

1) Introduction to Endocrinology
a) Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones
b) Effect Mechanism of Hormones

2) Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus
a) Hypothalamus-Pituitary Relationship
b) Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone
c) Its Relationship with the Posterior Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

3) Metabolic Thyroid Hormones
a) Production and Secretion of Metabolic Thyroid Hormones
b) Physiological Functions of Thyroid Hormones
c) Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion

4) Adrenocortical Hormones
a) Corticosteroids, Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids and Androgens
b) Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones
c) Functions of Mineralocorticoids-Aldosterone
d) Functions of Glucocorticoids

5) Insulin and Glucagon
a) Insulin and its Metabolic Effects
b) Glucagon and Its Functions
c) Regulation of Blood Glucose

6) Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bones
a) Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Levels in Extracellular Fluid and Plasma
b) Its Relationship with Calcium and Phosphates Found in Bone and Extracellular
c) Vitamin D
d) Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin
e) Control of Calcium Ion Concentration

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

1) Male Reproductive Functions and Hormone-Related Functions
a) Spermatogenesis
b) Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones
c) Male Sexual Activity

2) Pre-Pregnancy Female Physiology and Pregnancy Hormones
a) Physiological Anatomy of Female Sex Organs
b) Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovary
c) Function of Menstrual Cycle and Gonadotropic Hormones
d) Secretion of GnRH, Anterior Pituitary FSH and LH from the Hypothalamus
e) Sexual Activity in Women

3) Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
a) Maturation and Fertilization of the Egg
b) Nutrition of the Embryo in the Early Period
c) Function of Placenta
d) Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy
e) Birth and Breastfeeding

Learning Outcomes

The students who have succeeded in this course;
1) BASIC PHYSIOLOGY 1) To understand the basic concepts of Human Physiology and the concept of homeostasis, 2) To comprehend Cell and Functional Organization, 3) Understanding the Cell Membrane and Substance Transport, 4) Excitable Cell: Understanding the Resting Membrane potential and the Action Potential, 5) To understand Intercellular Communication systems, 6) To understand the neuromuscular junction mechanism.
2) MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY a) Learning the General Structure of Skeletal Muscle, b) Learning the Contraction Mechanism in Skeletal Muscle, c) Learning the Relaxation Mechanism in Skeletal Muscle, d) To learn Energy Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Muscle Fiber Types. a) Learning the General Structure of Smooth Muscle, b) Learning the Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Contraction and the Role of Calcium in Smooth Muscle Contraction, c) Learning the Relaxation Mechanism in Smooth Muscle, d) Learning the Energy Metabolism of Smooth Muscle, a) Learning the Physiological Characteristics of the Heart Muscle, b) Learning the General Characteristics of Heart Muscle and Differences from Skeletal Muscle, c) Learning the Physiological Properties of Cardiac Muscle Cells, d) Learning the Heart's Stimulus and Conduction System, e) Learning the Action Potential in Heart Muscle Cells, f) Learning the Energy Metabolism of the Heart Muscle.
3) HEART PHYSIOLOGY 1) Heart Muscle; To learn the Functions of the Heart and Heart Valves as a Pump, 2) To learn the Rhythmic Stimulation mechanism of the Heart, 3) To learn normal Electrocardiogram (ECG) waves and their functions, 4) Learning Heart Valves and Heart Sounds.
4) BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY 1) Learning about Blood Cells and the functioning of the immune system, 2) Resistance of the Body to Infection: Leukocytes, Granulocytes, Monocyte-Macrophage System and learning the Inflammation process, b) Learning the Defense System of Macrophages and Neutrophils Against Infections, c) Learning the Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System), d) To learn the mechanism of inflammation (Role of Macrophages and Neutrophils).
5) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Learning the mechanism of Lung Ventilation, 2) Learning about Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema and Pleural Fluid, 3) Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Learning Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Diffusion in the Respiratory Membrane, 4) Learning the mechanism of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood and Tissue Fluids, 5) Learning the mechanism of regulation of respiration.
6) RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Learning the Functional Anatomy of the Excretory System and the Mechanism of Urine Formation by the Kidneys, 2) Learning Glomerular Filtration, Kidney Blood Flow and Control, 3) Learning Reabsorption and Secretion in Kidney Tubules, 4) To learn the mechanism of Concentration and Dilution of Urine, 5) Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate and Magnesium; Learning the Working Together of Kidney Mechanisms in the Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume.
7) 1) Learning the General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function, 2) Learning the Progression and Mixing of Foods in the Digestive Canal, 3) Learning the Secretory Functions of the Digestive Canal.
8) NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Learning the Organization of the Nervous System and the Basic Functions of Synapses, 2) Learning the Types of Sensory Receptors and their Sensitive Stimuli, 3) Learning the Somatic Senses.
9) SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY 1) Eye: Physical Principles of Optics, Physical Principles of Optics, Learning the Optics of the Eye, 2) Learning the Neural Function of the Receptor and the Retina, the Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retinal, b) Photochemistry of Vision, Color Vision, Neural Function of the Retina, Learning Ways of Seeing, 3) Learning Sense of Hearing and Central Hearing Mechanisms. 4) Chemical Senses; Learning the Sense of Taste and the Sense of Smell.
10) ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Introduction to Endocrinology, Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones, Learning the Effect Mechanism of Hormones, 2) To learn Pituitary Hormones and their Controls by the Hypothalamus, Hypothalamus-Pituitary Relationship, Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone, Its Relationship with the Posterior Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 3) To learn the mechanism of Metabolic Thyroid Hormones, Production and Secretion of Metabolic Thyroid Hormones, Physiological Functions of Thyroid Hormones, Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion, 4) Learning about Adrenocortical Hormones and their mechanisms of action, 5) To learn the Metabolic Effects of Insulin and Glucagon and the Regulation of Blood Glucose, 6) To learn Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, General structure of bones.
11) REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Learning Reproductive Functions and Hormonal Functions in Men, 2) Learning Pre-pregnancy Female Physiology and Pregnancy Hormones, Physiological Anatomy of Female Sex Organs, Menstrual Cycle and Functions of Gonadotropic Hormones, 3) Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, Function of Placenta, Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy, Physiological mechanisms of Birth and Breastfeeding events.

Course Flow Plan

Week	Subject	Related Preparation
1)	BASIC PHYSIOLOGY 1) Introduction to Human Physiology and Homeostasis a) Introduction to Human Physiology and the Concept of Homeostasis b) Internal and External Environment of the Body, Types of Regulatory Systems c) Functions of Homeostatic Mechanisms in Body Systems 2) Cell and Its Functional Organization a) General Cell Structure and Divisions b) Structure, Organelles and Functions of the Cytoplasm c) The Cytoskeleton and Its General Structure	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
2)	3) Cell Membrane and Substance Transport from the Membrane a) Basic Structure of Cell Membrane b) Body Fluid Parts c) Substance Transport in Cell Membrane and Cell Transport Routes 4) Excitable Cell: Resting Membrane potential and Action Potential a) Resting Membrane Potential b) Intracellular and Extracellular Ion Distribution c) Sodium and Potassium Equilibrium Potential d) Action Potential and Threshold Value e) Conduction in Myelinated and Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers f) Factors Affecting Action Potential Formation	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
3)	5) Intercellular Communication a) Types of Cellular Communication b) Autocrine and Paracrine Communication c) Chemical Molecules and Receptors Involved in Cellular Communication d) Second Messenger Systems	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
4)	6) Neuromuscular Junction a) Structure of Neuromuscular Junction b) Synthesis and Degradation of Acetylcholine c) Exocytosis of Acetylcholine to the Synaptic Cleft d) Exocytosis of Acetylcholine to The Synaptic Cleft	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
5)	MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY 1) Skeletal Muscle a) General Structure of Skeletal Muscle and Sarcomere b) Contraction Mechanism in Skeletal Muscle c) Relaxation Mechanism in Skeletal Muscle d) Energy Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Types of Muscle Fibers	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
6)	2) Smooth Muscle a) General Structure of Smooth Muscle b) The Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Contraction and the Role of Calcium in Smooth Muscle Contraction c) Relaxation Mechanism in Smooth Muscle d) Energy Metabolism of Smooth Muscle	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
7)	3) Cardiac Muscle a) Physiological Characteristics of the Cardiac Muscle b) General Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle and Differences from Skeletal Muscle c) Physiological Properties of Cardiac Muscle Cells d) Cardiac Muscle’s Stimulus and Conduction System e) Action Potential in Cardiac Muscle Cells f) Energy Metabolism of Cardiac Muscle	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
8)	CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 1) Cardiac Muscle; Functions of the Heart and Heart Valves as a Pump a) Neural and Hormonal Control of the Cardiac Muscle b) Cardiac Cycle c) Regulation of the Pumping Function of the Heart 2) Rhythmic Stimulation of the Heart a) Specialized Alert and Message System of the Heart b) Cardiac Excitation and Control of Conduction 3) Normal Electrocardiogram (ECG) a) Normal ECG Waves b) Ion Current Around the Heart During the Heart Cycle c) Electrocardiographic Leads 4) Heart Valves and Heart Sounds a) Heart Sounds b) Mechanisms of Heart Sound Formation	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
9)	BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY 1) Blood Cells and Immunity a) Red Blood Cells, Anemia and Polycythemia b) Types of Anemia 2) Body's Resistance to Infection: Leukocytes, Granulocytes, Monocyte-Macrophage System and Inflammation a) Leukocytes (White blood cells) b) Defense System of Macrophages and Neutrophils Against Infections c) Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) d) Inflammation (Role of Macrophages and Neutrophils) e) Eosinophils f) Basophils	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
10)	RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Lung Ventilation a) Mechanics of Lung Ventilation b) Lung Volumes and Capacities c) Alveolar Ventilation 2) Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema and Pleural Fluid a) Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System b) Pressures in the Pulmonary System c) Blood Volume of the Lungs d) Blood Flow and Distribution in the Lungs e) Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Differences in Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow f) Fluid in the Pleural Cavity 3) Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Diffusion in the Respiratory Membrane a) Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air b) Diffusion of Gases in the Respiratory Membrane 4) Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids a) Transport of Oxygen from Lungs to Body Fluids b) Carriage of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood c) Respiratory Exchange Rate 5) Regulation of Breathing a) Respiratory Center b) Chemical Control of Respiration c) Peripheral Chemoreceptor System-Role of Oxygen in Control of Respiration d) Regulation of Breathing in Exercise	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
11)	RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Renal System: Functional Anatomy and Formation of Urine by the Kidneys a) Multiple Functions of Kidneys b) Physiological Anatomy of the Kidneys c) Micturition (voiding) d) Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 2) Glomerular Filtration, Kidney Blood Flow and Control a) Glomerular Filtration-First Step in Urine Formation b) Determinants of Glomerular Filtration Rate c) Physiological Control of Kidney Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration d) Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate 3) Reabsorption and Secretion in the Kidney Tubules a) Tubular resorption is excessive and highly selective b) Passive and Active Mechanisms of Tubular Reabsorption c) Reabsorption and Secretion Through Different Parts of the Nephron d) Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption 4) Concentration and Dilution of Urine a) Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism b) Characteristics of Henle's Coil, Which Provides Retention of Dissolved Substances in the Kidney Medulla c) Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration d) Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System e) The Importance of Thirst in the Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration 5) Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate and Magnesium; Kidney Mechanisms Working Together in Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume a) Removal of Potassium and Regulation of Potassium Concentration in Extracellular Fluid b) Regulation of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration c) Regulation of Renal Magnesium and Phosphate Excretion and Extracellular Ion Concentrations d) Acid-Base Balance	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
12)	GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function a) Neural Control of the Gastrotestinal System, Enteric Nervous System b) Control of Gastrointestinal Motility by Hormones c) Functional Types of Movements in the Gastrointestinal Canal 2) Progression and Mixing of Foods in the Digestive Canal a) Nutrient Intake b) Motor Functions of the Stomach c) Small Intestine Movements d) Colon Movements 3) Secretory Functions of the Digestive Canal a) General Principles of Digestive Canal Secretions b) Saliva Secretion c) Secretion of the Stomach d) Pancreatic Secretion and Bile Secretion from the Liver e) Small Intestine Secretions	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
13)	NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses a) General Order of the Nervous System b) Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function 2) Sensory Receptors a) Types of Sensory Receptors and their Sensitivity Stimuli b) Conversion of Sensory Stimuli to Nerve Impulses 3) Somatic Senses a) Sensory Pathways Transmitting Somatic Signals to the Central Nervous System b) General Organization, Tactile and Position Senses SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY 1) The Eye: The Physical Principles of Optics a) Physical Principles of Optics b) Optics of the Eye 2) Neural Function of the Receptor and the Retina a) Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina b) Photochemistry of Sight c) Color Vision d) Neural Function of the Retina e) Ways of Seeing 3) Hearing a) Tympanic Membrane and Ossicular System b) Cochlea c) Central Hearing Mechanisms 4) Chemical Senses-Taste and Smell a) Sense of Taste b) Sense of Smell	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course
14)	ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Introduction to Endocrinology a) Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones b) Effect Mechanism of Hormones 2) Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus a) Hypothalamus-Pituitary Relationship b) Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone c) Its Relationship with the Posterior Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 3) Metabolic Thyroid Hormones a) Production and Secretion of Metabolic Thyroid Hormones b) Physiological Functions of Thyroid Hormones c) Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion 4) Adrenocortical Hormones a) Corticosteroids, Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids and Androgens b) Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones c) Functions of Mineralocorticoids-Aldosterone d) Functions of Glucocorticoids 5) Insulin and Glucagon a) Insulin and its Metabolic Effects b) Glucagon and Its Functions c) Regulation of Blood Glucose 6) Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bones a) Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Levels in Extracellular Fluid and Plasma b) Its Relationship with Calcium and Phosphates Found in Bone and Extracellular c) Vitamin D d) Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin e) Control of Calcium Ion Concentration REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY 1) Male Reproductive Functions and Hormone-Related Functions a) Spermatogenesis b) Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones c) Male Sexual Activity 2) Pre-Pregnancy Female Physiology and Pregnancy Hormones a) Physiological Anatomy of Female Sex Organs b) Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovary c) Function of Menstrual Cycle and Gonadotropic Hormones d) Secretion of GnRH, Anterior Pituitary FSH and LH from the Hypothalamus e) Sexual Activity in Women 3) Pregnancy and Breastfeeding a) Maturation and Fertilization of the Egg b) Nutrition of the Embryo in the Early Period c) Function of Placenta d) Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy e) Birth and Breastfeeding	Preparation of course slides and resources to be used for the course

Sources

Course Notes / Textbooks:

Kullanılan Kaynak:
1.Guyton ve Hall (Çeviri editörleri: Berrak Çağlayan YEĞEN, İnci ALİCAN, Zeynap SOLAKOĞLU), Tıbbi Fizyoloji Güneş Tıp Kitabevi, 2021.
2. Sağlık Bilimleri İçin Temel Fizyoloji Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı Doç. Dr. M. Yalçın GÜNAL
3. Türk Fizyolojik Bilimler Derneği İnsan Fizyolojisi Vander İnsan Fizyolojisi
4. Yüksekokullar için Fizyoloji. Ed.Prof.Dr. Berrak Ç.Yeğen. Yüce Yayım, 2014 ISBN: 978-975-411-269-6

References:

Course - Learning Outcome Relationship

No Effect	1 Lowest	2 Medium	3 Highest

	Program Outcomes	Level of Contribution
1)	To have advanced theoretical and applied knowledge supported by textbooks, application tools and other resources containing up-to-date information in the field.	3
2)	To be able to use advanced theoretical and applied knowledge gained in the field.	4
3)	To be able to interpret and evaluate data, to define and analyze problems, to develop solutions based on research and evidence by using advanced knowledge and skills in the field.	4
4)	To be able to inform the relevant persons and institutions on the issues related to the field; to be able to convey their thoughts and suggestions for solutions to problems verbally and in writing.	3
5)	To be able to share with experts and non-experts, by supporting with quantitative and qualitative data, thoughts and solution suggestions for problems related to the field.	3
6)	Being able to organize and implement projects and activities for the social environment in which they live with the awareness of social responsibility.	3
7)	Being able to critically evaluate the advanced knowledge and skills acquired in the field	4
8)	Ability to identify learning needs and direct learning	4
9)	Developing a positive attitude towards lifelong learning	3
10)	To act in accordance with social, scientific, cultural and ethical values in the stages of collecting, interpreting, applying and announcing the results of the data related to the field.	3
11)	To have sufficient awareness of the universality of social rights, social justice, quality culture and protection of cultural values, environmental protection, occupational health and safety.	3
12)	Being able to carry out an advanced study in the field independently	3
13)	To be able to take responsibility individually and as a team member in order to solve unforeseen complex problems encountered in applications related to the field.	3

Learning Activity and Teaching Methods

Course
Labs

Measurement and Evaluation Methods and Criteria

Yazılı Sınav (Açık uçlu sorular, çoktan seçmeli, doğru yanlış, eşleştirme, boşluk doldurma, sıralama)

Assessment & Grading

Semester Requirements	Number of Activities	Level of Contribution
Midterms	2	% 40
Final	1	% 60
total		% 100
PERCENTAGE OF SEMESTER WORK		% 40
PERCENTAGE OF FINAL WORK		% 60
total		% 100

İş Yükü ve AKTS Kredisi Hesaplaması

Activities	Number of Activities	Aktiviteye Hazırlık	Aktivitede Harçanan Süre	Aktivite Gereksinimi İçin Süre	Workload
Course Hours	14	2			28
Laboratory	14	1			14
Midterms	2	1			2
Final	1	1			1
Total Workload					45